Dr Gabrielle Jamela Hosein

SIXTEEN DAYS of Activism to End Gender-Based Violence is a visionary feminist campaign started by the Women’s Global Leadership Institute more than 30 years ago.

Amid this effort, we should remember that violence against women and girls is complex and ubiquitous.

In public imagination, such violence has been reduced to ending male-partner battery and perhaps also child sexual abuse, which affects girls to a greater extent than boys and is perpetrated mostly by heterosexual men.

Survivors and women navigating the police and judicial system to secure orders of protection and to see perpetrators made responsible for their crimes will tell you that there’s been insufficient change.

Women in relationships will tell you that male controlling behaviour over women’s mobility, freedom, networks, leisure and time are normal, and are hardly named as violence by either women or men, though women may feel dominated and even fearful at home.

Women also continue to be killed by men’s lethality. Anissa Rajgobin-Ageemoolar survived an attempted murder by her ex-husband just last week.

However, violence against women is about more than who women "choose" or whether women leave relationships. Violence perpetrated mainly by men against women is a part of all women’s lives from birth to death, and takes place within as well as beyond homes, within as well as across borders, and within and across multiple contexts.

It is also a fundamental part of gang violence and criminal activity as gang members engage in ritual group rape ("parry") of young women from their communities (supposedly with their consent, though this argument can only be made if you ignore all the power relations involved).

Sexual assault as part of robberies is what women fear as they lie in their beds, just as they fear ending up decomposing in the Aripo forest as they go about their everyday lives. Recently, we’ve also seen assassinations of women or women being shot as “collateral damage” in gang members’ fallings-out or disputes in the drug trade.

Gangs, guns and crime have made women more vulnerable to all forms of violence. Who can forget gunmen killing 16-year-old Angelie Riley’s unborn baby as she slept on a bed next to 21-year-old Daniel Riley? This tragic example also illuminates the multiple vulnerabilities of adolescent girls, which exacerbate the risks to which they are exposed.

Women also experience violence as migrants, particularly those who work in the sex industry, those who are held in captivity to pay off debts and those who are minors. Police officers have been arrested for alleged involvement in human trafficking and child prostitution. Minors and young migrant women aged 15-19 have been found in raids from Westmoorings to Tunapuna to Chaguanas.

This is a global issue in which women may be corrupt and complicit as recruiters and managers, but where men dominate as consumers, power-holders and beneficiaries.

Violence against women is also a fundamental part of civil war, and has been experienced

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