Segregationist redirects here. For the short story by Isaac Asimov, see Segregationist (short story).

AIDS stigma

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Racial segregation is the separation of humans into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home[1] or of hotel rooms. Segregation is defined by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance as the act by which a (natural or legal) person separates other persons on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds without an objective and reasonable justification, in conformity with the proposed definition of discrimination. As a result, the voluntary act of separating oneself from other people on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation.[2] According to the UN Forum on Minority Issues, The creation and development of classes and schools providing education in minority languages should not be considered impermissible segregation, if the assignment to such classes and schools is of a voluntary nature.[3]

Racial segregation is generally outlawed, but may exist de facto through social norms, even when there is no strong individual preference for it, as suggested by Thomas Schellings models of segregation and subsequent work.[4] Segregation may be maintained by means ranging from discrimination in hiring and in the rental and sale of housing to certain races to vigilante violence (such as lynchings). Generally, a situation that

An issue of the Pennsylvania Gazette reports on a Negro named Simon who reportedly can bleed and draw teeth. It is the first mention of an African American doctor or dentist in the Colonies.

Whoopi Goldberg , original name Caryn Elaine Johnson (born November 13, 1955, New York, New York, U.S.), American comedian, actress, and producer known for her work in theatre, film, television, and recordings. An accomplished performer with a wide repertoire, her work ranged from dramatic leading roles to controversial comedic performances.

Goldberg spent her early years in a Manhattan housing project. She began performing at age eight with a children’s theatre group and later, as a young adult, went on to perform in the choruses of Broadway shows. She moved to California in 1974 and soon became active in the theatre community there, as well as establishing a presence as a stand-up comedian. Eventually she developed The Spook Show, a one-woman stage show noted for its humour, satire, and drama, which she performed throughout the United States and Europe. That performance became the basis for the critically acclaimed Broadway show Whoopi Goldberg, which debuted in 1984, and in 1985 Goldberg won a Grammy Award for the show’s recording. Soon afterward she made her Hollywood debut in The Color Purple (1985), for which she garnered an Oscar nomination and a Golden Globe Award.

Goldberg went on to perform in less-successful films before appearing in Ghost (1990), for which she won both the Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for best supporting actress. Goldberg followed up with numerous performances in film and television, including hosting her own talk show for a brief stint, serving as host of the Academy Awards show on several occasions, and starring in the television show Whoopi (2003–04). In 2007 she became a cohost on the daytime television talk show The View.

In addition, Goldberg began producing works for television and stage in the late 1990s, and in 2002 she won a Tony Award for producing the Broadway show Thoroughly Modern Millie. Although her planned Broadway revival of Ntozake Shange’s 1975 ensemble theatre piece For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide/When the Rainbow Is Enuf was

Blacks routed a band of slavecatchers attempting on reenslaving escaped slaves in Christiana, Pennsylvania. One white was killed and one wounded.

Cassandra Quin Butt is Deputy White House Counsel to President Barack Obama on issues relating to civil rights, domestic policy, healthcare, and education.  She brought seventeen years of experience in politics and policy to her position.  She is a long-time friend of the President, acting as an advisor during his term in the U.S. Senate and throughout his presidential campaign. Additionally, she served as a member of the presidential transition team.

Butts was born on August 10, 1965, in Brooklyn, New York, and at age nine moved to Durham, North Carolina.  She graduated from the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill with a BA in political science. While at UNC she participated in anti-apartheid protests.  She entered Harvard Law School in 1988 where her friendship with future President Barack Obama began when both were filling out forms in the student financial aid line.   Butts continued her activism at Harvard where she joined in protests regarding hiring practices for faculty of color.  She received a JD from Harvard in 1991.  

The first black woman to function as Deputy White House Counsel gradually rose to prominence  Her first job was as a counselor at the YMCA in Durham, North Carolina, and after graduating from UNC she worked for a year as a researcher with the African News Service in Durham.  For six years she was a registered lobbyist with the Center for American Progress (CAP), rising to Senior Vice President.  

Butts served as an election observer in the 2000 Zimbabwean parliamentary elections and was a counsel to Senator Harris Wofford of Pennsylvania.  Butts then performed litigation and policy work as assistant counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., where she worked on civil rights policy and litigated voting rights and school desegregation cases.  She spent seven years working as a senior advisor to U.S. Congressman and Democratic Majority Leader Dick Gephardt of Missouri.  Working with Gephardt

Duke Ellington gets the Spingarn Medal for his musicial acheivements, 1959

Tahar Ben Jelloun , (born December 1, 1944, Fès, Morocco), Moroccan-French novelist, poet, and essayist who wrote expressively about Moroccan culture, the immigrant experience, human rights, and sexual identity.

While studying philosophy at Muḥammad V University in Rabat, Ben Jelloun began to write poems for the politically charged journal Soufflés. After publishing his first collection of poetry, Hommes sous linceul de silence (1971; “Men Under the Shroud of Silence”), he moved to France. There he continued to write poems, collected in Cicatrices du soleil (1972; “Scars of the Sun”), Le Discours du chameau (1974; “The Discourse of the Camel”), and Grains de peau (1974; “Particles of Skin”), but he started to focus on other forms of writing as well. His first novel was Harrouda (1973), an erotic poetic evocation of infancy, youth, and coming to manhood in Fès and Tangier.

In 1975 Ben Jelloun received a doctorate in social psychology from the University of Paris; his dissertation was published as La Plus Haute des solitudes (1977; “The Highest of Solitudes”). In 1976 he wrote a novel based on his research, La Réclusion solitaire (Solitaire), about the misery of the North African immigrant worker; it was also staged as a play, Chronique d’une solitude (“Chronicle of Loneliness”). In the same year, he published Les Amandiers sont morts de leurs blessures (“The Almond Trees Are Dead from Their Wounds”)—poems and stories on his grandmother’s death, the Palestinian question, North African immigration to France, love, and eroticism. A third novel, Moha le fou, Moha le sage (1978; “Moha the Fool, Moha the Wise”), is a satire of the modern North African state.

Much of Ben Jelloun’s work in the early 1980s—notably the poetry collection À l’insu du souvenir (1980; “Unknown to Memory”) and the semiautobiographical novel L’Écrivain public (1983; “The Public Writer”)—was admired for its ability to evoke reality through fantasy, lyric, and metaphor and for its author’s conviction that his art must express the struggle for

Charles Evers, brother of Medgar, Mayor of Fayette Miss. (elected 1969), born

Haile Selassie I is deposed from the Ethiopian throne.

Johnson was born on September 11, 1957 in New York, New York.

Pierre-Richard Prosper is an attorney and diplomat who turned his passion for the rule of law into a global pursuit for justice for victims of the worst crimes of humanity, and accountability for the perpetrators of those crimes.

Born in Denver, Colorado in 1963, Prosper was raised in New York by his Haitian emigrant parents, Drs. Jacques and Jeanine Prosper, both of whom were physicians. He received his bachelor of arts from Boston College (1955) and his doctorate from Pepperdine University School of Law (1989).

Prosper began his career at one of the most volatile and dangerous times in one of the largest American cities – Los Angeles, California. He served as deputy district attorney in the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office (1989–1994) with the responsibility of prosecuting gang-related homicides and other criminal activity in the gang-infested city of Compton. Also, just three years after taking this role, he found himself in the middle of prosecuting cases of violence and crime in Los Angeles County following the 1992 acquittal of four police officers for the beating of Rodney King.

Prospers would use these experiences in his next post, as assistant U.S. attorney for Central District of California (1994–1996) where he continued his work on violent crime issues, focusing then on investigating and prosecuting major international drug cartels.

Upon hearing about the acts of genocide in Rwanda where an estimated eight hundred thousand people were slaughtered over a one-hundred-day period, Prosper wanted help bring about justice for the victims. He left Los Angeles first to become a legal advisor to the U.S. government’s mission in Rwanda (1995), then as one of two trial attorneys, and later as a war crimes prosecutor for the United Nations (UN) International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1996–1998). This was the tribunal established by the UN to bring the perpetrators the genocide to justice. Here Prosper made a lasting mark on the international criminal justice system as he and his fellow

J.H. Jackson, pastor of Olivet Baptist Church, Chicago, elected president of the National Baptist Convention at Miami meeting.

Lola Falana, dancer, born

Moses A. Hopkins, minister and educator, named minister to Liberia.

Ludacris is an American rapper, actor and entrepreneur who first achieved fame as a “Dirty South” rapper, before gaining mainstream success. He was born Christopher Brian Bridges on September 11, 1977 in Champaign, Illinois. He began rapping as a child and wrote his first rap song at the age of 9 when he moved to Atlanta. At the age of 12 he joined an amateur rap group. He graduated from high school in Atlanta, Georgia in 1995 and later studied music management for two years at Georgia State University. Ludacris began as an intern and then a DJ at a local radio station where he adopted the  name “Chris Lova Lova”. He collaborated with Timbaland on the song “Phat Rabbit” from his album “Tim’s Bio: Life from da Bassment” which became a prominent hit.

In 1998, Ludacris recorded his debut album “Incognegro” which he produced with his own funds and released on his own label “Disturbing tha Peace”. Timbaland also collaborated on the album’s production, and it sold about 50,000 copies. The single “What’s Your Fantasy” became a hit and attracted several labels to sign him. Ludacris finally chose Def Jam Records and released a remixed version of his first album in 2000, featuring the single “Phat Rabbit” that he had earlier collaborated with Timbaland on. The album was renamed “Back For The First Time” and it became a hit on both radio and television, reaching #4 on the U.S. Billboard 200. The success single from this album was “Southern Hospitality” and was popularly aired on MTV and MTV2.

Ludacris’s third album, titled “Word of Mouf” was released in 2001. The lead single from this album was produced by Timbaland  and titled “Rollout (My Business)”. It was nominated for a 2002 Grammy Award. Ludacris’s fourth album was titled “Chicken-n-Beer” and included the song “Stand Up” produced by Kanye West, which became one of his biggest mainstream hits to date. His next album, “The Red Light District” was released in 2004 which was noted for being more mature, and a departure from his usual style. It debuted at No. 1 on the

Best known as an opera singer, Jessye Norman has also lent her rich, dramatic, and powerful voice to recordings and recitals of spirituals and hymns– including a particularly compelling version of “Amazing Grace” and Christmas carols, in addition to recording jazz. She has never limited herself to any one musical genre, and her voice can widely range from contralto to high soprano.

Norman was born on September 15, 1945 in Augusta, Georgia, the child of Silas Norman, an insurance broker, and Janie Norman, a schoolteacher. She began singing in church choirs as a young child, and was taking piano lessons by age eight. Her singing enabled her to attend Howard University on a full scholarship, where she studied with voice teacher Carolyn Grant, and she graduated in 1967. Winning first prize at an international music competition in Germany in 1968 propelled her into international recognition, and by 1972 she had performed her triumphal debut in the title role of Verdi’s Aida at the legendary La Scala Opera House in Milan, Italy.

During her lengthy career, Norman has performed throughout the world, including Russia and South America as well as many European countries. She debuted at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1983. Although a Democrat, she accepted the invitation to sing at the inauguration of President Reagan in 1985, singing the folk song “Simple Gifts.”  She was chosen to sing at the “Tribute of Light” memorial ceremony in New York City in honor of those who died in the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.

Norman has received numerous honorary doctorates, and was the recipient of the Kennedy Center Honor in 1997. Her vibrant, emotion-filled singing and commanding stage presence, as well as her reputation for an intellectual grasp of the music she sings, have earned her world-wide acclaim.

Two youths involved in voter registration drive in Mississippi were wounded by shotgun blasts fired through the window of a home in Ruleville. James Forman, of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), asked the president to convene a special White House Conference to discuss means of stopping the wave of terror sweeping through the South, especially where SNCC is working on voter registration.

The United Black Front (also known as the Black United Front) was created in the late 1960s as a coalition of 50 black power organizations seeking to address four major objectives: the elimination of white oppression, increased economic and political power for blacks, better education and social status for blacks, and the elimination of racial discrimination.  David Mills, the director of the Seattle Central Area Registration program, was elected president in September 1968.  The UBF set up 13 committees to address issues such as political action, youth, labor, housing, education, and others.

In February 1969, Dave Mills, at an assembly at Garfield High School in Seattle, attacked the administration for racist actions, citing the curriculum which was in place, and the refusal to get rid of racist and “Uncle Tom” teachers.  Mills said that the predominantly black high school should be led by a black administration.  In March of the same year, Mills and other UBF members drove to Olympia to meet with state lawmakers in response to legislation being drafted.  Mills said that they received little response to their meeting, but that it was impressive because they had gotten an audience.  They discussed four issues with the senators: employment, education, relations between police and the black community, and public assistance.  On September 11, 1969, a letter was drafted to the mayor by the Black United Front calling on the mayor to rid the Seattle Public School system of problems with prostitution and drug problems near black schools in the city, especially Edmond Meany Junior High.

The BUF articulated a message that the system was stacked against African Americans in Seattle, and that they needed to join together in order to advocate for their rights, and that if their demands were not met there would be a price to pay.  By the early 1970s the United Black Front lost its organization and the separate organizations went their own way.

Sources:

“United Black Front coalition formed,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Sep.

Quincy Jones wins an Emmy for musical composition for the miniseries Roots. It is one of nine Emmys for the series, an unprecedented number