Carnival Origins

Dara E Healy

“By the 1920s the calypso tent was born. It marked the withdrawal of the calypsonian from the streets to the concert stage. It meant the beginning of a new role for the calypsonian: the advent of the professional singer.”

– Hollis Liverpool, Rituals of Power and Rebellion

MUSIC AND song are fundamental to our Carnival. Hollis Liverpool points out that music and singing were a routine part of life in the barrack yards and gayelles. After Emancipation, bamboo seats were added to the spaces in the barrack yards that already had thatched roofs and bamboo infrastructure.

If you can believe it, the practice of having female back-up singers began as far back as that time. Yet, despite its long history, commentators as well as practitioners continue to predict the death of the calypso tent, a form of cultural expression that goes back over a hundred years.

How did the modern version of the calypso tent evolve and why should we preserve this part of our Carnival tradition?

It is heartening to see media reports that public interest in calypso tents is growing again. From humble beginnings, the tent is now a well-established business venture with brass bands, advertising, hospitality and more.

The singing of calypso can be traced back to pre-Emancipation days. Maureen Warner-Lewis has documented ancient African songs that influenced the style and structure of calypso. Enslaved Africans were forced to use their skills to create verses to convey the power of their masters. Then, calypsoes were in Patois, the nation language of ordinary citizens.

Once calypsonians were able to freely express themselves, the impact and popularity of calypso grew. The first recording of calypso music was in 1912, while the first vocal recording of a calypso was in 1914. I imagine that the growing internationalisation and visibility of the art form eventually began to attract people from other segments of society.

In 1921, Walter Douglas, a calypsonian from San Fernando, saw an opportunity. Performing under the sobriquet Chieftain Douglas, he found a way to bring more permanence and financial viability to the art of singing calypso.

Gordon Rohlehr writes that the 1880s and subsequent decades saw an increase in the business class. They agitated for political reform to make the process of doing business more efficient. There was also a growing Mulatto middle class who longed for social acceptance. In many respects they “had absorbed the values and cultural concerns of the elite.”

Certainly, these groups would not have condescended to go to the barrack yards to listen to calypso. As the baby doll masquerade testifies, they only went there for specific reasons. But I digress.

So, Douglas “borrowed tarpaulins from the railway and used gas lamps instead of the kerosene flambeaux…” He also used printed tickets. Douglas might have been inspired by commercial cabaret performances in Europe when he served as a soldier in WWI. His tent was in Port of Spain, on Duncan Street.

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